Covid-19 Salgını ve Gençler: Salgının Gençlerin Ístihdamı, Eğitimi, Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri ve Gençleri Korumaya Yönelik Düzenlemeler

COVID-19 salgını tüm yaş grubundaki bireylerin yaşam ve çalışma koşullarını derinden etkileyen ekonomik ve sosyal krize dönüşmüştür. Ancak salgının gençler üzerindeki etkisi yetişkinlerden daha fazla olmuştur. Salgın sürecinde gençler öncelikle işgücü piyasası ve eğitim alanında yeni eşitsizliklerle karşı karşıya kalmışlardır. Ayrıca salgın öncesi dönemde var olan sorunların artması ile birlikte salgın döneminde gençlerin fiziksel ve ruhsal sağlığı ile ilgili yeni sorunlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma, ilk olarak salgının gençler üzerindeki etkilerini istihdam, eğitim ve sağlık temelinde incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Íkinci olarak, salgının gençler üzerinde olumsuz ve uzun süreli olacağı tahmin edilen etkilerini azaltmaya ve gençleri korumaya yönelik Ekonomik Íşbirliği ve Kalkınma Örgütü'ne (OECD) üye bazı ülkelerde yapılan düzenlemeleri ele almaktadır.Alternate :The COVID-19 pandemic has turned into an economic and social crisis that deeply affects the living and working conditions of individuals in all age groups. However, the impact of the pandemic on young people has been more than on adults. During the pandemic, young people faced with new inequalities, primarily in the labour market and education. In addition to the ones that have already been existed in the pre-pandemic period, regarding the physical and mental health of young people, new dangers have emerged during the pandemic period. This study, firstly, aims to examine the effects of the pandemic on young people on the basis of employment, education and health. Secondly, this study discusses the regulations in order to reduce the negative and long-lasting effects of the pandemic on young people in the member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

The Transformation of the Spatial Structure of an Economy in the Crisis and Post-Crisis Periods

—This article is a review of global and Russian research on features and patterns of the development of regions of a country in crisis and post-crisis periods. It is shown that the theoretical foundation of studies on this issue is the concept of regional resilience, as developed in global research since the 2010s. The features of the resilience concept are analyzed and compared with regional growth theories and economic security studies. Factors that influence the resilience of regions of a country to economic crises are summarized: they include features of a region's settlement system (the ratio of the urban to rural populations) and its position in the national settlement system (location in relation to large urban agglomerations), the structure of the region's economy (level of diversification, specific features of specialization and employment structure), innovation potential and quality of human capital, cohesion of the local community, and quality of public administration. It is noted that differences in regional resilience levels are consistent;in particular, the features of regional spatial development observed during the current crisis (associated with the COVID-19 pandemic) follow previously established patterns. Negative consequences of crises, specifically, regional divergence and reduced inclusiveness of economic growth, are also described. Issues of transforming the state spatial development policy during crisis periods, as well as opportunities for managing regional resilience, are discussed.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on China's economic structure: An input-output approach.

Recognizing the impact of COVID-19 on economic structure is an urgently required task for the post-pandemic era. However, studies have been hampered in undertaking this task by a lack of current data and the use of inappropriate methods. This paper fills the gap in the literature by applying a network analysis method using the newly released input-output tables of China and evaluating the structural impacts on the economy, including the changes in the sectoral closeness, betweenness, risk condition, and network backbone. The modelling results demonstrate that the pandemic has accelerated the structural transformation process of the Chinese economy: the traditional growth engines, such as the petroleum and finance industries, have lagged, whereas new growth engine sectors, including the digital services and scientific research industries, have expanded rapidly. Accordingly, we propose that the government formulate policies to stabilize old growth engine industries and foster new drivers to promote a sustainable economic recovery in China.

Evaluation and Countermeasures of High-Quality Development of China’s Marine Economy Based on PSO-SVM

An accurate grasp of the high-quality development of the marine economy is important for the timely adjustment of marine policies and the promotion of sustainable development of the ocean. Based on the latest development philosophy, this paper constructed the evaluation index system of high-quality development of marine economy from five dimensions including innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and support vector machine (SVM) model based on the entropy weight composite index were employed to evaluate the high-quality development of China’s marine economy from 2006 to 2017. The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and dynamic evolution mechanism were revealed. The random forest model was applied to analyze the main driving factors of high-quality development of the marine economy. It was found that: (1) The high-quality development level of marine economy in Guangdong, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai has always been in the forefront. The growth rate of high-quality development level of marine economy in Guangdong and Shandong was 53.69% and 37.69%, respectively. The growth rates of Fujian and Hainan were 43.46% and 33.68%, respectively. Jiangsu and Zhejiang accounted for 33.30% and 24.47%, respectively. (2) The regulation methods of the main driving factors were examined. It was necessary to adhere to innovative development and improve the marine scientific research, education, management, and service industry, in addition by optimizing and adjusting the marine industrial infrastructure and spatial layout. It is also critical to strengthen the comprehensive prevention and control of land and sea pollution and implement the total emission control of pollutants into the sea. (3) Finally, the pathway for high-quality development of marine economy was analyzed and future directions were proposed.

Dynamic Effects and Regional Differences of Industrialization and Urbanization on China’s Energy Intensity under the Background of “Dual Carbon”

Based on China’s provincial panel data during 2012–2019, this paper performs an empirical analysis of the dynamic effect and regional difference of industrialization and urbanization on the energy intensity in China by separating the energy intensity into three levels including low, middle and high and using the dynamic panel data with system GMM estimation. The results show that the energy intensity will increase by 0.4298% for every 1% increase in the industrialization level on the premise of keeping other variables unchanged. For every 1% increase in the urbanization level, the energy intensity will increase by 0.5674% on average. For every 1% increase in energy intensity in the previous period, the energy intensity in that year will increase by 0.7968% on average. Moreover, there are regional differences in the effects of industrialization and urbanization on the energy intensity in areas with different energy intensities. In addition, all of the factors including the development level of the regional economy, energy price, and technological innovation have different effects on the energy intensity in China. Meanwhile, there exist the rebound effects of the technological innovation in China, and the energy price has an induced effect on the technological innovation. Undoubtedly, industrialization and urbanization jointly promote the increase in energy intensity. At the same time, the level of economic development, energy prices and technological innovation are also reasons for the differences in the energy intensity among regions. Therefore, in order to effectively reduce energy intensity while carrying out technological innovation, promoting high-quality development and increasing income, it is necessary to improve the internal quality of industrialization and urbanization, and to promote new resource-saving and environmentally friendly methods of industrialization and urbanization.

Modelling Structural Effect and Linkage on Carbon Emissions in China: An Environmentally Extended Semi-Closed Ghosh Input–Output Model

The carbon emissions of sectors and households enabled by primary inputs have practical significance in reality. Considering the mutual effect between the industrial sector and the household, this paper firstly constructed an environmentally extended semi-closed Ghosh input–output model with an endogenized household sector to analyze the relationship between carbon emissions and the Chinese economy from the supply-side perspective. The structural decomposition analysis and the hypothetical extraction method were remodified to identify the supply-side driving effects of the changes in carbon emissions and investigate the net carbon linkage. The results show that the electricity, gas, and water supply sector was the key sector with the highest carbon emission intensity enabled by primary inputs. The household sector had an above 93% indirect effect of the enabled intensity, with its enabled intensity dropping significantly by more than 55% from 2007 to 2017. The operating surplus and mixed income caused 3214.67 Gt (34.17%) of the enabled emissions in 2017. The supply-side economic activity, measured by the value added per capita, was the main factor of the carbon emission growth, mainly attributed to the development of the manufacturing sector and the electricity, gas, and water supply sector. The emission intensity and allocation structure both brought a decrease in carbon emissions. The electricity, gas, and water supply sector and the manufacturing sector were the major sources of the supply-induced cross-sectoral input emissions, while the commercial and service sector and the household sector were the top source of supply-induced cross-sectoral output emissions. This paper sheds light on the policies of the carbon emission abatement and the adjustment of the allocation structure from the perspective of supply.

Decomposition Analysis of Energy Consumption in Thailand, 1990-2020

Thailand is a net energy importer that has steadily increased the demand for energy over the past several decades. But there has not been a systematic analysis of the energy demand change factors. Therefore, in this study, a decomposition analysis was applied to determine the major driving forces of the changes in energy use from the years 1990-2020. The analysis period covered a regional financial crisis known in Thailand as the “Tom Yum Kung” crisis in 1997-1998 and a global pandemic COVID-19 in 2020. The analysis results showed that the value-added of economic sectors is the most important factor in requiring more energy, while energy intensity is the most important factor in reducing energy consumption. Therefore, increasing the value-added of productions and enhancing the energy efficiency more stringent will lead to a decoupling of energy consumption against GDP and sooner peak demand of energy in Thailand. © 2022, Econjournals. All rights reserved.

Development Strategies for National Economies After Covid-19 Pandemic

What are the economy sectors will help countries overcome the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic? How countries should rezone their investment strategies to bolster recovery in main economy sectors? Using the Cobb-Douglas model, the importance of agriculture, energy, education, and ICT industries for GDP growth was proven. It was confirmed that agriculture and industry will be key sectors in the post-crisis period for Ukraine, Poland and Austria. During the time of economic uncertainty growth, ICT and e-commerce sectors are principal tools that will sustain the population's well-being.

Drivers of Economic Catch-up in Asia: A Study of ASEAN Countries with Comparative Views of China and India

This paper conducts a comprehensive examination of the sources of economic growth and catch-up of ASEAN countries since the Asian Financial Crisis, with comparative views ofChina and India. The study employs different decomposition frameworks to gain insights into the drivers of the Association's economic performance over the 1997-2017 period. Three findings are most notable. First, all ten member states, except for Brunei, recorded a strong catch up performance, with labour productivity being the leading driver in most countries. Second, the drivers of labour productivity catch-up exhibit some distinctive patterns among countries, which depend on the level of income and economic structure. Third, in all decomposition analyses, ASEAN countries are well below China and India across sources of growth, which tends to suggest that countries in the grouping could improve their performance by enhancing market integration and policy coordination. Although the long-term prospect of ASEAN is bright, the COVID19 pandemic and the recent military coup in Myanmar have indicated that the road to future prosperity of the region is expected to face formidable challenges.

Cocreation for Climate Change—Needs for Actions to Vitalize Drivers and Diminish Barriers

This study determines the conditions and provides a recommendation for fostering cocreation for climate change adaptation and mitigation (CCA&M). In postulating that insufficient cocreation by stakeholders in the quadruple helix model is an important factor contributing to the low effectiveness of climate actions in the regions, we have focused our research on identifying real stakeholder engagement in climate action and identifying the needs, barriers, and drivers for strengthening the cocreation process. We identified the needs for action highlighted by stakeholders as having an impact on reducing barriers and stimulating drivers. We treated the identified needs for action as deep leverage points (intent and design) focused on three realms—knowledge, values, and institutions—in which engagement and cocreation can be strengthened and have the potential to increase the effectiveness of climate action taken by stakeholders within our quadruple helix. We recommend knowledge-based cocreation, which puts the importance of climate action in the value system and leads to paradigm reevaluation. The implementation of the identified needs for action requires the support of institutions, whereby they develop standards of cooperation and mechanisms for their implementation as a sustainable framework for stakeholder cooperation. The research has proved how the quadruple helix operates for climate action in the Poznań Agglomeration. We believe that this case study can be a reference point for regions at a similar level of development, and the methods used and results obtained can be applied in similar real contexts to foster local stakeholders in climate action.

Analysis and forecast of marine economy development in China

Purpose>In recent years, China's marine industry has maintained rapid growth in general, and marine-related economic activities have continued to improve. The purpose of this research is to analyze the basic situation of China's marine economy development, identify the problems therein, forecast development trends and propose policy recommendations accordingly.Design/methodology/approach>This research conducts a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the development of China's marine economy with rich data in diversified aspects. The current situation of China's marine economy development is analyzed from the perspective of scale and structure, and the external and internal development environment of China's marine economy is discussed. With the application of measurement and prediction method such as trend extrapolation, exponential smoothing, grey forecasting and neural network method, the future situation of China's marine economy development is forecasted.Findings>In a complex environment where uncertainties at home and abroad have increased significantly, China's marine economy development suffers tremendous downward pressure in recent years. As China has achieved major achievements in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic, the marine economy development will gradually return to normal. It is estimated that the gross marine production value in 2022 will exceed 10 trillion yuan. China's marine economy will continue to maintain a steady growth trend in the future, and its development prospects will remain promising.Originality/value>This research explores the current situation and trends of China's marine economy development and puts forward policy recommendations to promote the steady and health development of China's marine economy accordingly.

Transformation of the Tertiary Sphere of Russia’s Regions Economy in the Post-Soviet Period

The downward trend in the role of the primary and secondary sectors of the Russian economy has become especially noticeable in the post-Soviet period during the transition to market relations. When analyzing the accelerated development of the tertiary sector, the main emphasis is usually placed on its objective nature and compliance with global trends. However, despite the common model of transformation of the structure of the economy with European countries, the results achieved both quantitatively and qualitatively differ from the level of more developed countries. These differences are even more pronounced at the regional level. In the article, the results of the tertiary sector development in Russia in the post-Soviet period are presented in comparison with other European countries and by the federal subjects. The research information base includes Eurostat and World Bank databases for cross-country comparisons, Rosstat materials for the typology of Russian regions, and quarterly data on tax contributions from the Federal Tax Service for the analysis of the stability of the tertiary sector sub-sectors in the context of the coronavirus crisis. Russia’s lagging in terms of the share of the tertiary sector in the economy, which was rapidly decreasing in the first decade and a half of the post-Soviet period, has stabilized in recent years. The lagging behind developed European countries is determined by the weighted structure of the economy, combined with unfavorable institutional conditions for the development of B2B services, lowered consumption standards of the population, including those associated with its relatively low incomes, the sparseness of the settlement system, and tardy entry into the period of tertiarization. At the regional level, the quantitative and qualitative tertiary sector growth is characteristic of a stable group of fifteen of the most advanced federal subjects. In most of the rest regions, it is rather derivative on the background of a recession in other sectors of the economy. The resilience of the tertiary sector during the coronavirus crisis has been determined by the ratio of more inertial non-market and vulnerable market subsectors. The group with the largest relative losses includes both strong regions with moderate diversification of the tertiary sector and an increased share of B2B services and the weakest regions, where market branches are mainly represented by retail trade. © 2021 Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya.

Impact of foreign direct investment and international tourism on long-run economic growth of Estonia

Purpose>International tourism and FDI inflows have generated detectable beneficial impacts on the economy of Estonia in the last decades. However, recently, poor international market conditions mostly caused by the trade war and COVID-19 pandemic have been a potential threat to these two factors. Besides, the poor performance of investments in recent years is behind the stagnation of productivity in Estonia. This study examines the dynamics of the effects of these factors on the rate of economic growth in Estonia and provides policy implications in line with sustained recovery.Design/methodology/approach>A nonlinear ARDL technique is employed in this study to investigate the long-run effects of FDI and the degree of tourism specialization on economic growth rate.Findings>Our findings indicate that the economic growth rate of Estonia in the long run has been positively affected by both the rate of FDI inflows and international tourism.Originality/value>This is the first study that employs a non-linear approach to investigate the dynamics of long-run effects of FDI and tourism specialization on the rate of economic growth in Estonia and provides policy implications in line with optimal growth strategy considering the economic structure, the current level of productivity and available potentials in this economy.

Adaptation Potential of Inclusive Growth of the Regions of the South of Russia in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The ongoing economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and its asymmetric impact on some territories evoke research interest in identifying factors that determine the resilience of regional economies to external shocks. Solving this problem implies the need to study the specifics of the territory adaptation capabilities as well as measures taken by regional authorities aimed at entering the trajectory of inclusive growth. The research goal was to assess the adaptation potential of regions to the coronavirus crisis and determine the development trajectory as a result of this potential realization. The authors determined directions of the development of adaptation potential of regions (“bounce forward” or “bounce backward”). For this purpose, the analysis of regional changes in financial results of organizations, volumes of industrial production and provision of services, and the unemployment rate was carried out. As a result, it was revealed that the “bounce forward” is characteristic of the South of Russia regions with a high level of socio-economic potential and a diversified economy. For the regions with a low level of socio-economic development, adaptation opportunities were expressed in a “bounce backward”. This research contributes to the study of behavioral trajectories of regional economies in the conditions of the coronavirus crisis. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

A Study on Growth Engines of Middle Market Enterprise (MME) of Korea Using Meta-Analysis

The purpose of this study is to comprehensively review previous studies and discover implications for the sustainable growth engines of middle market enterprise (MME) of Korea using meta-analysis. Since Germany’s hidden champion companies are considered as benchmarking targets because their economic environment and size are similar to those of Korean MMEs, a meta-analysis was conducted on the previous studies of them. As a result of integrating the effect sizes of input and output factors according to the process of the Program Logic model from the viewpoint of dynamic capabilities, 198 in Germany and 229 in Korea were derived. It was found that, unlike Korean companies, the number of skilled workers, labor productivity, CEO experience, and Innovation activities within the firm had a significant impact on Germany’s hidden champion companies. In addition, industry and region-oriented innovation networks and family businesses were identified as important variables. Meta-analysis collects a large number of individual studies in order to integrate the results and statistically assess the data. As a result, it will be used as basic data for developing models for academic research in the future. In addition, it will provide implications for sectors in which Korean MMEs should concentrate their efforts in order to create an innovative ecosystem.

ORGANIZATIONAL FOUNDINGS, DISBANDINGS, AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: EVIDENCE FROM THE TURKISH CONSTRUCTION SECTOR

Purpose: The present study aims to understand the effect of the macro-level economic phenomena observed within a specific time interval on the founding (birth) and disbanding (deaths) of organizations in the construction sector of Turkey that has been growing steadily for many years. In addition, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic were also taken into consideration. Methodology: The construction sector in Turkey was analyzed within the framework of the theoretical infrastructure of organizational ecology, i.e. a theoretical perspective that has not received enough attention, except in North America, as an organizational community, while joint-stock, limited, and cooperative companies were also analyzed as organizational populations. Focusing on the period between January 2017 and December 2020, a number of foundings and disbandings of joint-stock, limited and cooperative companies operating in the construction sector, the house price index and house sales statistics, which are thought to affect these rates, were used as data. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic period between March 2020 and December 2020 was included in the analysis as a dummy variable. The ARDL bounds test was used for data analysis. Results: The findings indicate differentiated effects of the house price index, house sales statistics, and the COVID-19 period on both the organizational community of the construction sector and the aforementioned populations. Conclusion: The results, which are expected to contribute to business economics and organizational theories, studies on the construction sector, knowledge of the evaluation of socioeconomic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and future studies, were obtained in the study.

The structural factor of regional economic stability in Russia during the coronacrisis period

Relevance. The coronavirus pandemic has lead to one of the most serious crises in the global economy. The significant disparities between Russian regions influenced the levels of morbidity and their strategies of containing the crisis. Research objective. The aim of this paper is to identify the factors of regional development which, during the pandemic and in the post-pandemic period, affected and will affect the economic stability of Russian regions. Materials and Methods. The research is based on the Rosstat data, industry reviews, materials from analytical and consulting firms, Russian and international research literature. The research methodology is based on the structuralist approach and the provisions of the new structural economics put forward by J. Lin. The methods of comparative, statistical, and structural analysis were also used. Results. The most significant factors in regional economic development are the structure of the economy and the quality of public administration at the national and regional levels. The high-tech sector in the structure of a regional economy plays a pivotal role in ensuring its stability in the times of crisis. The study shows the need for a transition to independent national value chains. It is also necessary to develop a long-term national strategy aimed at stimulating the structural transformation of regional economies. Conclusions. The study has demonstrated the importance of the two key factors in shaping the regions’ responses to the pandemic and the speed of their recovery-the structure of regional economy and the role of the government. These factors should be taken into account by the Strategy of the State Regional Industrial Policy. © Romanova, O.A., Ponomareva, A.O., 2021.

Comparing country risk and response to COVID-19 in the first 6 months across 25 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries using qualitative comparative analysis

This paper explores the contextual and government response factors to the first-wave of the COVID-19 pandemic for 25 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development nations using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. It considers configurations of: obesity rates;proportions of elderly people;inequality rates;country travel openness and COVID-19 testing regimes, against outcomes of COVID-19 mortality and case rates. It finds COVID-19 testing per case to be at the root of sufficient solutions for successful country responses, combined, in the most robust solutions, with either high proportions of elderly people or low international travel levels at the start of pandemic. The paper then locates its sample countries in relation to existing welfare typologies across two dimensions based on total social expenditure and proportional differences between the GINI coefficient before and after taxes and transfers. It finds that countries generally categorised as “liberal” in most existing typologies did the most poorly in their first-wave COVID-19 response.

The strength of domestic production networks: an economic application of the Finn cycling index.

There has been an increasing interest in analyzing the structure of domestic and global supply chains/networks in the past decade. Concerns about potential (systemic) risks resulting from overdependence on global supply networks have been magnified during the lockdowns triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic in the last year. Strengthening local and/or domestic networks may be an adequate approach to overcome the severe economic implications of this overdependence, but it also rises the question of how one can measure the strength of domestic supply/production networks and design an appropriate structure. The objective of this paper is to propose a method for measurement and to provide a first-cut analysis with this method on a sample of economies. Building on ecological network analysis, we borrow the Finn cycling index from its toolbox and show a ranking of countries with respect to the strength of their domestic production networks based on this index. The results suggest that the countries are very heterogeneous both in terms of the level of cycling index and its sectoral decomposition. Using panel-econometric techniques, we point out the role of the openness and structural asymmetry in shaping this strength, also controlling for other macroeconomic characteristics of the economies. The estimates reveal that openness has a negative, while asymmetry has a positive effect on this index, but other country-specific characteristics also play a role in shaping the systemic operation of national economies as measured by the Finn cycling index.

Predicting the spread of COVID-19 in Italy using machine learning: Do socio-economic factors matter?

We exploit the provincial variability of COVID-19 cases registered in Italy to select the territorial predictors of the pandemic. Absent an established theoretical diffusion model, we apply machine learning to isolate, among 77 potential predictors, those that minimize the out-of-sample prediction error. We first estimate the model considering cumulative cases registered before the containment measures displayed their effects (i.e. at the peak of the epidemic in March 2020), then cases registered between the peak date and when containment measures were relaxed in early June. In the first estimate, the results highlight the dominance of factors related to the intensity and interactions of economic activities. In the second, the relevance of these variables is highly reduced, suggesting mitigation of the pandemic following the lockdown of the economy. Finally, by considering cases at onset of the "second wave", we confirm that the territorial distribution of the epidemic is associated with economic factors.